BIZ103 Management Accounting Assignment

TASK 1

P1: Definition of management accounting and their essential requirements

In the current scenario, it has been seen that management is always looking to make use of all those systems that are effectively reliable to record all financial and non-financial transaction in their respective statements accurately. Accounting is said to systematic process of recording, summarising and evaluating everyday transactions that are done by the company during their regular course of operations. It is an important aspect that the objectives of the financial accounting are not to study the worth of company. This used to reveals gain or loss for a given period of time and value of Tech (UK) total assets and owners equity. Management used to provide vital aspects related with planning, organising, controlling and directing all information’s in effective manner (Wickramasinghe and Alawattage, 2012).

Definition: It is said to be cost accounting process which is used to analyse business total cost and operations to formulate internal financial reporting and account to aid manager’s decision making procedure in respect to attain their aims and objectives.

Management accounting systems are known as confidential internal report that assists managers in future decision-making. It used to guide employees and managers that working inside an organisation.

Importance of using MA:

            There are various significant aspects those are related with management accounting systems. Some of them are discussed underneath:

• Effective decision-making: It is one of the primary systems for an organisation by which they can easily be able to attain their objective by setting appropriate decision in near future time. It has been determine that if company used to make effective decision then the chances of getting better results can be enhanced.
• Increase profitability: A health business can only attain positive outcomes in case they are using valuable accounting systems in right manner. This will directly increase profitability as the company would be able to sell maximum products (Schäffer, 2013).

Types of management accounting system:

Cost accounting system: It is known as one of the most important aspects for an organisation that is held important for recording, summaring and determining valuable alternative that are effective for Tech UK. The major significance of this system is to delivery crucial advices to their department about one of the major course of actions that are assistance with the cost of production.

Inventory management system: According to this particular system that assist managers to make use and control stocks those are kept by the company.  It seems to continuous process for the aims to manager inventories of Tech UK. There are various types of techniques by which stock can be managed such as FIFO, LIFO and AVCO methods.

Job costing system: It is an essential aspect for an organisation that is used for making estimation of total expenses and costs a company is incurring on production of products or group of product. Through this, managers would be able to generate valuable outcomes for the company. The total time a product is taking to manufacture are determining by using this particular report.

Price optimisation system: According to this particular accounting system a company would be able to determine perception of customer regarding their products prices which are set by them. The main aim is to examine reaction of them, whether they are satisfied with the prices range. It is consider as one of the main system for recording the information for the company (Bennett, Schaltegger and Zvezdov, 2013).

M1: Benefits of using management accounting systems

For every business, it is necessary to make proper utilisation of accounting systems so that chances of mistakes can be overcome. All the above mentioned types of systems are having equal benefits and limitation. Like cost accounting will guide a manager to use appropriate amount of costs and expenses. While inventory management can lead to control overall stock position of the company at the same period of time.

P2: Various types of accounting reporting methods

In every business organisation, every department is working equally for the purpose of increase profitability as well as financial stability for an organisation. This would be essential for them to take competitive advantages over other companies. Reporting is said to be important aspects by which company would be able to present their financial position in front of their investors and other financial institution that are responsible for making capital investments in their coming projects. There are various sources of data collection which are used for the purpose of preparing financial reports for Tech UK (Chan, Wang and Raffoni, 2014). The primary motive of an organisation to prepare report to control and analyse all its expenses that are incurred during an accounting period. There are various types of accounting reporting methods that are used by an organisation to control their operations that are done during the time. Some of them are discussed underneath:

Performance report: This seems to be utmost important report that indicate overall performance of an organisation by taking data from past with the present one. The will create specific information that whether a company will be sufficient enough to fulfil their obligations in right manner. Mainly, it assist managers to help make valuable training program for employees as well as aid them to improve the performance of the company in right manner.

Account receivable report:  It is said to be one of the vital report that provide valuable information about total lists of unpaid invoices and credit memo that remain due from debtors side. It is mostly associated with evaluating total time in which debtors used to make payment of their outstanding balances.

Inventory management report: This particular report is made for the purpose of analysing all the essential stock detail through tacking overall orders that are made by the company during the period of time. All information related with opening and closing of stocks is taken into considerations. The main aims of doing so are to examine all level of mistakes that arises while the time of production process (Fourie, Opperman Scott and Kumar, 2011).

Job costing report: As per this report a company would be able to record all information that is collected during the time of producing product in each job size. There are various types of costing which are needed to be taken into account. Such as batch costing, process and contract costing. All these are equally responsible for increasing profitability for Tech UK.

D1: Critical analysis of accounting report systems

In accordance with getting maximum return in coming period of time, it is essential to make use of all reporting systems in reliable manner. This will attain in increase future aims and objectives in more easy ways. All the above mentioned reporting systems are effective for the company. Performance report can lead to guide investors about company’s current year performances. While inventory report is used to control and evaluate total stock level of an organisation. Further, this will enhances overall productivity of the company in near future period of time.

TASK 2

P3: Various kind of costing method used for calculating net profit

Cost is said to be the value of amount which is to be paid by the company in respect to get something in return. This will be direct or indirectly related with production of products and services (Hansen, 2011). The main motive of using these costing is to make particular evaluation about total earning that they are going to invest in their production of products. Cost is simply an important aspect for Tech UK company to examine their total costs required for the production of one unit of products. It has been found that there are various types of costs those are associated with the production. Such as normal, actual and standard costs. Apart from this, some of the other costing method is also those are effectively responsible for analysing performance of an organisation. Some of them are discussed underneath:

Absorption costing: It is known as one of the main cost accounting systems which are used during production of product and services of an organisation. It consists of both variable and fixed costs at the same point of time. Because of this particular nature, it is known as full costing method. It is not taken into account as more reliable for making future decision making.

Marginal costing: This seems to be one of the primary costing methods which are used at the time of additional units produced by the company with the available resources. It includes only variable cost and fixed costs are not taken into consideration for evaluating net gain of Tech UK. This is utmost crucial costing method which is reliable for upcoming decision making (Amoako, 2013).

Income statement as on September by using Marginal costing method:

                        Income statement on the basis of Absorption costing method

Production overhead: In this budgeted cost is £15,000and Actual cost is £10,000

Selling cost: In this budgeted cost is £10,000and Actual cost is £7875

M2:  Analysis of various accounting techniques

In order to deal with internal or external department of an organisation the manager of Tech UK need to use various accounting tools and techniques. The overall growth and sustainability can only be attaining by proper utilisation of resources. Some effective techniques are standing costing which is used by managers to compare the results with the actual one. While marginal costing techniques is used to determine extra cost which will be paid by the company for producing products and services.

D2: Critical evaluation of information about incomes statement

According to the above reconciliation statements, it has been determine a company need to have two effective option in order to analyse net gain for Tech UK company.  In accordance to examine reliable results the managers need to consider all essential aspects in right manner. The results are showing that total net profit of 2125 is generated by the company during the time. The difference are arises because of fixed costs treatments.

TASK 3

P4: Merits and demerits of various types of budgets

Budget is all about designing an appropriate plan or strategy for controlling expenses incurred at workplace in order to maximize the profit level of an association. It covers the element related with capital of an organization as funds are seen as lifeblood for overall company. However, every enterprise believes in designing effective budget for managing their expenditure in most suitable manner (Klemstine and Maher, 2014). Additionally, it is helpful for corporations in various manners such as; control losses by estimating future expenses, allocate cost for each or every business activities, assist employees to how to accomplish their job role and so on. Hence, it has been understood that preparing budget for each or every department is highly indispensable for company success and development. Beside this, various types of budgets are also identified which is discussed as follows:-

            Master budget:- It’s all about overall management of organizational funds and all the business activities are falls under this category only. It means, it consist of various funds allocated for distinct department of an association. However, all the necessary factors are considered while making master budget such as; sales of a firm, working capital, operating expenses, several sources of income and so on (Lim, 2011). Basically, it supports in assisting enterprise in various situations as well as entire staff members towards corrective path. Thus, some of the major benefits and drawbacks of master budget is expressed as follows:-

            Merits-

• All the functional accounts are in a single report.
• It helps in providing estimated profit of an association.
• Provides accurate information about balance sheet.
• Highly beneficial for top management.

            Demerits:-

• Chances of confusion due to long process.
• Cost consuming.
• Requires expertise and specialist suggestion.

            Production budget:- Manufacturing department is liable for designing an outstanding goods for gaining attention of maximum customers. Thus, for designing qualitative item an organization is going to required sufficient amount of funds for accomplishing business activities in more effective manner. It includes various cost such as; labour, administrative, overhead, working capital and so on. Some of the major benefits and drawback of this budget is described as follows:-

Benefits:-

• Plant and machinery is perfectly utilized in suitable manner.
• Aids in reducing production expense.

Demerits:-

• Creates problems while designing a single budget because labour cost get maximized.
• Consume high range of cost.

            Apart from all the above budget there are also some other monetary planning are designed for accomplishing business activities in more appropriate manner. For example; cash flow, static budget, financial and so on.

Alternative process of budgeting:

• Determination on budget needs which is said to be primary aim of managers before preparing budget.
• Gathering valuable data from various departments those are working at inside of the company (Van der Stede, 2015).
• Obtain sufficient amount of capital from various sources of an organisation such as short and long term sources.
• Take approval of budget request from higher authority through gathering appropriate recommendation from various members.
• Make up gradation in the budget techniques in more reliable ways through using master budgets prepared during the time.
• Do review and collect essential feedbacks from various staffs and members before releasing into the market.

Pricing method:

• Cost plus pricing: It is said to be one of the easy method by which products can be sold out to specific customers as per their affordable ability.
• Prices skimming: In these pricing techniques is setting the costs in initial stage at more high and make reduction after the competition get slow down.

Importance of using planning tools:

It has been seen that budgets can only be controlled by the use of appropriate planning tools. Some of them are forecasting tools which are responsible for estimating total costs and expenses that are going to be incurred by the company in coming period of time. While contingency tools are used by the company for controlling all risk those are associated with the company during the period of time.

M3: Analysis of various planning tools

Every business is always ready to deal with all essential report that is useful in order to control budgets for TECH UK. There are various types of planning tools which are equally reliable and accurate for controlling budgets that are prepared by an organisation.  Forecasting tools are more valuable for the company as it is used to estimate future costs and expenditure of the company. While scenario analysing tools are also having certain benefits which will working in specific situation those are arises in an organisation.

D3: Critical analysis of financial issues

In accordance to get best possible outcomes in coming period of time the managers need to make proper analysis of financial problems those are present in an organisation. These are directly make impacts on the reputation of Tech (UK) limited company. Such kind of issues can be happens because of minimum product quality and bad services delivery to their customers. While some of them are arising because of outdated technologies.

TASK 4

P5: Comparison of various ways a company used to deal with financial issues

There are various types of financial issues those are arising in an organisation. Some of them are directly make impacts on productivity and growth of the company. Below mentioned various financial problems those are available in Tech UK. Such as:

• Benchmarking: It has been seen that various kind of financial issues are arises without having right standard set by the company. Benchmarking tool provide appropriate set standard to the company in respect to other organisation.
• Key performance indicators: There are various kinds of financial and non-financial issues associated with the company. It can be overcomes by using performance indicators that works through making comparison of total past performance to that with present one.
• Financial governance: It is known as certain rules and regulation made by the government in respect to operated business in right and systematic manner. By using this, maximum chances of mistakes can be reduce in quicker manner (Lavia López and Hiebl, 2014).

Characteristics of management accountant:

There are various types specific characteristic of accountant. Some of them are:

• Reliable: All the decisions that are made by accountant are used to control performance and other financial data in effective manner.
• Cooperative person: An accountant needs to have specific aspects which will lead to make communication among each other to determine valuable outcomes in near future period of time.

M4: Evaluation of financial issues

In accordance with all the information collected by the company after making analysis of financial issues those are arises in an organisation. There are various ways problems can be occurring. Such as because of minimum training provided to the employee they are not being able to get proper outcomes (BSC Terminology: Perspectives, 2017). With the use of various financial tools they can resolve all of them. Balances scorecard is another important techniques which can help managers to resolve financial issues.

Conclusion

From the above report it has been summarized that finance is seen as most indispensable aspect for success of an organization because all the business activities are totally depend upon them only. It means company needs to make plans for managing capital of an association in appropriate manner in order to control the possibilities of losses. Along with this, company is involving in designing an impressive budget for designing effective schemes by considering necessary facts or figures. Additionally, various types of reports are designed by an organization for recording confidential information in correct way. It helps in controlling losses by considering necessary facts or figures in a defined time period.

REFERENCES

• Hilton, R.W. and Platt, D.E., 2013. Managerial accounting: creating value in a dynamic business environment. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Wickramasinghe, D. and Alawattage, C., 2012. Management accounting change: approaches and perspectives. Routledge.
• Schäffer, U., 2013. Management accounting research in Germany: From splendid isolation to being part of the international community. Journal of Management Control. 23(4). pp.291-309.
• Bennett, M.D., Schaltegger, S. and Zvezdov, D., 2013. Exploring corporate practices in management accounting for sustainability (pp. 1-56). London: ICAEW.
• Chan, H.K., Wang, X. and Raffoni, A., 2014. An integrated approach for green design: Life-cycle, fuzzy AHP and environmental management accounting. The British Accounting Review.  46(4). pp.344-360.
• Fourie, M.L., Opperman, L., Scott, D. and Kumar, K., 2011. Municipal finance and accounting. Pretoria, South Africa: Van Schaik.
• Hansen, A., 2011. Relating performative and ostensive management accounting research: reflections on case study methodology. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management. 8(2). pp.108-138.
• Amoako, G.K., 2013. Accounting practices of SMEs: A case study of Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana. International Journal of Business and Management. 8(24). p.73.
• Klemstine, C. F. and Maher, M., 2014. Management Accounting Research (RLE Accounting): A Review and Annotated Bibliography. Routledge.
• Lim, M., 2011. Full cost accounting in solid waste management: the gap in the literature on newly industrialised countries. Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research. 9(1). p.21.
• Van der Stede, W. A., 2015. Management accounting: Where from, where now, where to?. Journal of Management Accounting Research. 27(1). pp.171-176.
• Lavia López, O. and Hiebl, M.R., 2014. Management accounting in small and medium-sized enterprises: current knowledge and avenues for further research. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 27(1), pp.81-119.

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